Oxidation of carbon by NOx, with particular reference to NO2 and N2O

The reactions reviewed here concern those between elemental carbon and NO2, N2O and NO, sometimes in the presence of oxygen. The section on NO includes only updates to recent reviews. Soots, activated carbons and carbon blacks are more reactive than graphite. The magnitudes of the reaction rates are found to be: NO2 > N2O ≈ NO ≈ O2. The presence of a soluble organic fraction (SOF) in soot is found to influence some reactions, and all three reactions suffer from inhibition by surface products. The mechanisms proposed for the surface adsorbates are summarised. All authors found that two types of active site were present; one forming weak bonds (physisorption), and the other undergoing chemisorption to form groupings such as –C–ONO, –C–ONO2 or –C–NO2. The latter decompose to give oxides of carbon, and are sometimes called redox reactions. The adsorbates appear to be the same for all NOx species. Some elemental nitrogen adsorption takes place, and can involve incorporation into the C skeleton. The attack of NO on carbon proceeds via NO2, so that catalysts that facilitate this oxidation are effective. Gaseous SO2 and H2O assist in the process by forming acids which are good oxidants. The change in activation energy with temperature found experimentally for NO and N2O may be due to the form of nitrogen on the edge carbon atoms.