Evolutionary manufacturing approaches for advancing flexible perovskite solar cells

Flexible perovskite solar cells (FPSCs) have garnered significant interest due to their potential applications. However, achieving efficient large-area FPSCs remains a challenge despite lab-scale efficiency exceeding 24%. The shift from lab research to the industrial level will face many transitional problems, such as scaling up production, maintaining consistent product quality, optimizing material utilization, addressing safety concerns, and ensuring cost-effectiveness. This review offers a comprehensive overview of industry-compatible methods for large-area FPSCs, encompassing solution processes such as blade coating, slot-die coating, spray coating, various printing techniques, evaporation deposition, and other techniques such as atomic layer deposition and magnetron sputtering. It emphasizes technological breakthroughs, efficiency improvement, and the potential for realizing large-area FPSCs through material selection and preparation methods for each functional layer, as well as determining appropriate process parameters. Additionally, there is a discussion of the opportunities and challenges associated with high-throughput production of flexible perovskite solar modules.