Bilateral primary motor area intermittent theta-burst stimulation may alleviate gait and postural disturbances in Parkinson's disease patients by astrocytic modulation, caudate volume changes, and increased functional neuroplasticity

Axial signs, such as gait disturbances and postural abnormalities, are common symptoms in advanced Parkinson's disease (PD). Postural instability is closely linked with both gait and balance dysfunction, and these conditions are directly related to the risk of falls. Compared to dyskinesia and motor complications, gait and postural dysfunctions are some of the most disabling symptoms for individuals with PD and are a major contributor to loss of autonomy and diminished quality of life. In addition, debilitating axial symptoms are common as the condition progresses, result in a substantial reduction in the therapeutic response to conventional deep brain stimulation, and are generally resistant to dopamine replacement therapy [1].