生物
效应器
毒力
烟草
激发子
索拉尼链格孢菌
疫病疫霉菌
微生物学
病菌
基因
枯萎病
生物逆境
甘蓝链格孢菌
植物对草食的防御
遗传学
拟南芥
非生物胁迫
突变体
植物
细胞生物学
作者
Chaodong Qiu,Dennis A. Halterman,Huajian Zhang,Zhenyu Liu
标识
DOI:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128575
摘要
Plant pathogens secrete fungal-specific common in several fungal extracellular membrane (CFEM) effectors to manipulate host immunity and contribute to their virulence. Little is known about effectors and their functions in Alternaria solani, the necrotrophic fungal pathogen causing potato early blight. To identify candidate CFEM effector genes, we mined A. solani genome databases. This led to the identification of 12 genes encoding CFEM proteins (termed AsCFEM1-AsCFEM12) and 6 of them were confirmed to be putative secreted effectors. In planta expression revealed that AsCFEM6 and AsCFEM12 have elicitor function that triggers plant defense response including cell death in different botanical families. Targeted gene disruption of AsCFEM6 and AsCFEM12 resulted in a change in spore development, significant reduction of virulence on potato and eggplant susceptible cultivars, increased resistance to fungicide stress, variation in iron acquisition and utilization, and the involvement in 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin biosynthesis pathway. Using maximum likelihood method, we found that positive selection likely caused the polymorphism within AsCFEM6 and AsCFEM12 homologs in different Alternaria spp. Site-directed mutagenesis analysis indicated that positive selection sites within their CFEM domains are required for cell death induction in Nicotiana benthamiana and are critical for response to abiotic stress in yeast. These results demonstrate that AsCFEM effectors possess additional functions beyond their roles in host plant immune response and pathogen virulence.
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