Graphene optical phase modulators through quasi-bound states in the continuum

Abstract Spatial light modulators (SLMs), which control the amplitude, phase, and polarization of light are the core components of many optical applications. Integrating graphene with dielectric metasurfaces supporting quasi-bound states in the continuum (quasi-BIC) offers potential advantages of low energy consumption, high speed, and small size of modulators. In this paper, 
we propose a modulator with a 2$\pi$ phase shift, by transforming the coupled system from an underdamped
resonator to an overdamped one by tuning the Fermi level of graphene through simulation. Additionally, we demonstrate the application of this device in one-bit programmed holography. The proposed modulator with its combined advantages of low power consumption and compact footprint, enables fruitful applications in holographic display, beam steering in light detection, ranging and biomedical imaging systems.