The direct and indirect effects of parenting behaviors and functional brain network efficiency on self-regulation from infancy to early childhood: A longitudinal mediation model

There is growing interest in the hypothesis that early parenting behaviors impact children's self-regulation by affecting children's developing brain networks. Yet, most prior research on the development of self-regulation has focused on either environmental or neurobiological factors. The aim of the current study was to expand the literature by examining direct and indirect effects of variations in parenting behaviors (support and stimulation) and efficiency of functional brain networks (small-worldness) on individual differences in child self-regulation, using a three-wave longitudinal model in a sample of 109 infants and their mothers. Results revealed that parental support predicted child self-regulation at 5 months, 10 months, and 3 years of age. This effect was not mediated by infants' small-worldness within the alpha and theta rhythm. Parental stimulation predicted higher levels of infants' alpha small-worldness, whereas parental support predicted lower levels of infants' theta small-worldness. Thus, parents may need to stimulate their infants to explore the environment autonomously in order to come to more efficient functional brain networks. The findings of the current study highlight potential influences of both extrinsic environmental factors and intrinsic neurobiological factors in relation to child self-regulation, emphasizing the role of parental support as a form of external regulation during infancy, when the brain is not yet sufficiently developed to perform self-regulation itself.