Enhancing creativity with covert neurofeedback: causal evidence for default-executive network coupling in creative thinking

Abstract Creativity neuroscience has consistently reported increased functional connectivity between the default mode network and the executive control network supports creative cognition, potentially reflecting coordination of generative and evaluative cognitive processes. However, evidence has been purely correlational—no causal demonstrations show that default mode network–executive control network interaction specifically drives creative performance. We sought causal evidence for default mode network–executive control network coupling in creative thinking using functional near-infrared spectroscopy–brain connectivity neurofeedback, which can endogenously modify functional connectivity through reinforcement learning. Importantly, we employed covert neurofeedback, where participants were unaware of the specific brain activity being trained, allowing for unbiased evaluation of cognitive and neural impacts. In a default-executive neurofeedback condition (n = 15), we entrained coupling between the medial prefrontal cortex and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, hubs of the default mode network and executive control network, respectively. We compared this with a default-motor condition (n = 15), entraining coupling between the medial prefrontal cortex and the supplementary motor area. Approximately 24 h later, default-executive neurofeedback led to increased coupling between the default mode network and the executive control network during a creative thinking task (generating creative object uses), extending to broader default mode network regions. Behaviorally, we observed a double dissociation: The default–executive condition increased idea originality, while the default-motor condition improved go/no-go reaction times. We thus provide the first evidence that default mode network–executive control network coupling causally enhances creative performance.