MicroRNA-mediated regulation of ginsenoside biosynthesis in Panax ginseng and its biotechnological implications

Panax ginseng , renowned for its therapeutic properties, derives much of its medicinal value from ginsenosides, a group of bioactive triterpenoid saponins. The biosynthesis of ginsenosides is regulated by various mechanisms, including microRNAs (miRNAs), which play key roles in gene regulation. Recent studies have identified numerous miRNAs in P . ginseng and other plants, highlighting their potential to influence triterpenoid biosynthesis by targeting key genes in the pathway. This mini-review explores the current understanding of miRNA-mediated regulation in P . ginseng and discusses the potential for controlling ginsenoside production through miRNA manipulation. Although miRNA research in P . ginseng is still primitive, ongoing studies suggest its potential for promising applications in agriculture and medicine. Further functional studies on these miRNAs could provide valuable insights into optimizing ginsenoside biosynthesis and enhancing medicinal properties.