Identifying and discriminating aroma attribute and bioactive components of five commercial essential oils of celery (Apium graveolens L.) seeds using E-nose, HS-GC-IMS, and GC-MS

Essential oils of celery seeds (EOs) are categorized as nutraceuticals because of their medicinal and nutritional benefits, like free radical scavenging ability, antibacterial activity, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, etc. Aroma attribute and aroma compounds (AOCs) of "Xiaoguozi" (CJX), "Doterra" (ADO), "Florihana" (FFL), "Aroma zone" (FAR), and "Mixiangfang" (IMX) were evaluated. Results showed that aroma attribute and AOC composition of five EOs differ largely. The 39 (20 plus 19) differential AOCs screened accounted for their differences among five EOs. Concentrations of limonene-D, β-pinene, α-maaliene, senkyunolide, and 9-octadecenoic acid, (E) in IMX, α-pinene oxide, α-thujene, and isosativene in FFL, senkyunolide and n-hexadecanoic acid in CJX, and β-myrcene in ADO were largest (P < 0.05). Furthermore, strong correlation between aroma and AOCs suggested that W1S and W2S aroma detected by E-nose could be more suitable for predicting the levels of terpenoids of β-myrcene-D, β-pinene-D, α-thujene, α-pinene oxide, and α-maaliene in five EOs. Results could provide a theoretical reference for fast recognition, selection, and application of commercially EOs.