Applications of ChatGPT in Otolaryngology–Head Neck Surgery: A State of the Art Review

Abstract Objective To review the current literature on the application, accuracy, and performance of Chatbot Generative Pre‐Trained Transformer (ChatGPT) in Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery . Data Sources PubMED, Cochrane Library, and Scopus. Review Methods A comprehensive review of the literature on the applications of ChatGPT in otolaryngology was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analyses statement. Conclusions ChatGPT provides imperfect patient information or general knowledge related to diseases found in Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery . In clinical practice, despite suboptimal performance, studies reported that the model is more accurate in providing diagnoses, than in suggesting the most adequate additional examinations and treatments related to clinical vignettes or real clinical cases. ChatGPT has been used as an adjunct tool to improve scientific reports (referencing, spelling correction), to elaborate study protocols, or to take student or resident exams reporting several levels of accuracy. The stability of ChatGPT responses throughout repeated questions appeared high but many studies reported some hallucination events, particularly in providing scientific references. Implications for Practice To date, most applications of ChatGPT are limited in generating disease or treatment information, and in the improvement of the management of clinical cases. The lack of comparison of ChatGPT performance with other large language models is the main limitation of the current research. Its ability to analyze clinical images has not yet been investigated in otolaryngology although upper airway tract or ear images are an important step in the diagnosis of most common ear, nose, and throat conditions. This review may help otolaryngologists to conceive new applications in further research.