Significantly Enhanced Thermoelectric Performance Achieved in CuGaTe₂ through Dual-Element Permutations at Cation Sites

CuGaTe2 has become a widely studied mid-temperature thermoelectric material due to the advantages of large element abundance, proper band gap, and intrinsically high Seebeck coefficient. However, the intrinsically high lattice thermal conductivity and low room-temperature electrical conductivity result in a merely moderate thermoelectric performance for pristine CuGaTe2. In this work, we found that Cu deficiency can significantly reduce the activation energy Ea of Cu vacancies from ∼0.17 eV for pristine CuGaTe2 to nearly zero for Cu0.97GaTe2, thus leading to dramatic improvements in hole concentration and power factor. More remarkably, element permutations (Ag/Cu and In/Ga) at both cation sites can effectively reduce the lattice thermal conductivity at the entire testing temperatures by producing intensive atomic-scale mass and strain fluctuations. Eventually, an ultrahigh peak ZTmax value of ∼1.5 at 873 K is achieved in the composition of Cu0.72Ag0.25Ga0.6In0.4Te2, while a large average ZTavg value of ∼0.7 (323-873 K) is obtained in the Cu0.67Ag0.3Ga0.6In0.4Te2 sample, both of which are significant improvements over pristine CuGaTe2.