Ficus (Moraceae) and Hymenoptera (Chalcidoidea): Figs and their pollinators

Attempts are made to meet discrepancies between the botanical classification of Ficus and the zoological classification of its pollinators. They are discussed as Ficus elastica, subgen. Pharmacosycea, subsect. Palaeomorphe, dioecism in Ficus, the Ceratosolen complex, and sect. Conosycea. It seems from the botanical side that the evolution of Ficus into subgenera and sections preceded that of its insects into genera. On the whole there are no grounds for reclassification of Ficua, but leaf structure indicates that some rearrangement of the species of subgen. Urostigma sect. Conosycea may be needed to fit the entomology. Ficus asperiuscula poses a problem in sect. Sycidium.