Li‐ion battery modeling and characterization: An experimental overview on NMC battery

The market of Lithium-ion batteries has been growing strongly around the world for several years, especially the Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) battery type which supplies almost all electric vehicles. This popularity requires optimal energy management and this needs precise modeling of the behavior of batteries for vehicular use. In this article, we present an overview of the existing electric battery models, including equivalent electrical circuits. A detailed study on the most used models is also presented. Subsequently, we detail the principle of the various characterization tests for extraction of the models parameters. Thus, we present the different parameters extracted for the models of NMC batteries of first and second order types. The accuracy of the two models was recorded by applying the dynamic discharge pulse validation test. The experimental results have shown better precision for the second order model which only exceeds by 1% of the first order model which is considered more suitable for embedded applications, hence, offering a compromise between ease of implementation and precision.