Selenite improves growth by modulating phytohormone pathways and reprogramming primary and secondary metabolism in tomato plants

Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient in organisms that has a significant impact on physiological activity and gene expression in plants, thereby affecting growth and development. Humans and animals acquire Se from plants. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is an important vegetable crop worldwide. Improving the Se nutrient level not only is beneficial for growth, development and stress resistance in tomato plants but also contributes to improving human health. However, the molecular basis of Se-mediated tomato plant growth has not been fully elucidated. In this study, using physiological and transcriptomic analyses, we investigated the effects of a low dosage of selenite [Se(Ⅳ)] on tomato seedling growth. Se(IV) enhanced the photosynthetic efficiency and increased the accumulation of soluble sugars, dry matter and organic matter, thereby promoting tomato plant growth. Transcriptome analysis revealed that Se(IV) reprogrammed primary and secondary metabolic pathways, thus modulating plant growth. Se(IV) also increased the concentrations of auxin, jasmonic acid and salicylic acid in leaves and the concentration of cytokinin in roots, thus altering phytohormone signaling pathways and affecting plant growth and stress resistance in tomato plants. Furthermore, exogenous Se(IV) alters the expression of genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, thereby modulating plant growth and development in tomato plants. Taken together, these findings provide important insights into the regulatory mechanisms of low-dose Se(IV) on tomato growth and contribute to the breeding of Se-accumulating tomato cultivars.