Impacts of probiotics on the efficacies of immune checkpoint inhibitors with or without chemotherapy for patients with advanced non‐small‐cell lung cancer

Abstract The relationships between the therapeutic effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and the intestinal flora have attracted increasing attention. However, the effects of oral probiotics on the efficacies of ICIs used to treat non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remain unclear. We investigated the effects of probiotics on the efficacies of ICIs in patients treated with and without chemotherapy. We investigated patients with advanced NSCLC on ICI monotherapy or combination ICI and chemotherapy using the Okayama Lung Cancer Study Group Immunotherapy Database (OLCSG‐ID) and the Okayama Lung Cancer Study Group Immunochemotherapy Database (OLCSG‐ICD). In total, 927 patients (482 on ICI monotherapy, 445 on an ICI + chemotherapy) were enrolled. Most were male, of good performance status, smokers, and without epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR )/anaplastic lymphoma kinase ( ALK ) mutations. Probiotics were administered to 19% of patients on ICI monotherapies and 17% of those on ICIs + chemotherapy. Of the former patients, progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were significantly better in the probiotics group (PFS 7.9 vs. 2.9 months, hazard ratio [HR] 0.54, p < .001; OS not attained vs. 13.1 months, HR 0.45, p < .001). Among patients receiving ICI and chemotherapy, there were no significant differences in PFS between those on probiotics and not but OS was significantly better in the probiotics group (PFS 8.8 vs. 8.6 months, HR 0.89, p = .43; OS not attained vs. 22.6 months, HR 0.61, p = .03). Patients on probiotics experienced better outcomes following ICI treatment.