Prenatal Risk Factors and Outcomes of Pseudoamniotic Band Sequence following Fetoscopic Laser Surgery: Systematic Review, and Meta-Analysis

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Pseudoamniotic band sequence (PABS) is a rare iatrogenic consequence of invasive fetal interventions, most commonly fetoscopic laser surgery (FLS) in monochorionic multiple pregnancies complicated by twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). <b><i>Objectives:</i></b> The aim of this study was to investigate prenatal risk factors and perinatal outcomes for pregnancies involving PABS after FLS for TTTS and compare outcomes between those undergoing fetoscopic band release versus not. <b><i>Method:</i></b> We conducted a systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science on studies reporting PABS following FLS for TTTS. A meta-analysis of pooled proportions was conducted. <b><i>Results:</i></b> There were 16 studies covering 47 pregnancies complicated by PABS following FLS, mostly case series and case reports. The incidence of PABS was 2%, with the recipient twin affected in 94% of the cases. Pregnancies complicated by PABS were associated with inter-twin septostomy in 32% and chorioamniotic separation (CAS) in 90%. The mean gestational age (GA) at FLS and delivery were 17.7 and 30.9 weeks, respectively. Preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) happened in 62% of pregnancies. The risk of preterm birth (PTB) &lt;34 weeks, &lt;32 weeks, and &lt;28 weeks were 94%, 67%, and 31%, respectively. There were 41% fetal demises and 64% live births among the affected fetuses. Results of fetoscopic band release versus not were comparable, including GA at delivery, PPROM, and PTB at 32 weeks. It was noted that the likelihood of PTB by 28 weeks (67% vs. 23%) and fetal death (50% vs. 39%) were higher in the band release group. It was similar between groups in terms of postnatal amputation. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> PABS causes amputations or fetal death in more than one-third of cases. Pregnancies with an inter-twin septostomy, CAS, advanced TTTS staging, and early GA are more likely to experience PABS. In addition, more than a third of FLS-treated TTTS resulted in PTB and PPROM. PABS cases with prenatal band release showed higher rates of PTB and fetal death, but the data were from small, heterogeneous studies.