Bladder Cancer and Artificial Intelligence

Bladder cancer is a common and heterogeneous disease that poses a significant burden to the patient and health care system. Major unmet needs include effective early detection strategy, imprecision of risk stratification , and treatment-associated morbidities. The existing clinical paradigm is imprecise, which results in missed tumors, suboptimal therapy, and disease progression . Artificial intelligence holds immense potential to address many unmet needs in bladder cancer, including early detection, risk stratification, treatment planning, quality assessment, and outcome prediction . Despite recent advances, extensive work remains to affirm the efficacy of artificial intelligence as a decision-making tool for bladder cancer management.