Polygonum tinctorium extract suppresses the virulence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by disrupting its extracellular vesicles

Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is a significant global health concern, causing both hospital- and community-acquired infections. The extracellular vesicles released by S. aureus (SaEVs) contain essential factors related to the bacterial survival and pathogenicity. Polygonum tinctorium is traditionally used as a natural dye (indigo) and for treating various infectious diseases caused by microorganisms. However, the effect of P. tinctorium extract (Indigo Ex) and its mechanism on SaEVs is unknown.