Therapeutic Options for Granuloma Annulare: An Updated Review

Granuloma annulare (GA) is a type of non-infectious skin disease that involves the formation of granulomas, or small areas of inflammation, on the skin. It is characterized by annular lesions on the surface of the skin and may be linked to systemic diseases such as diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and thyroid disease. The cause and mechanism of GA are not yet fully understood. In contrast to the generalized type, which is more persistent and less receptive to treatment, the localized version usually cures itself after two years. The most common form of treatment for localized GA includes topical and intralesional triamcinolone. Corticosteroid-resistant GA may require second-line therapies, including apremilast, methotrexate, hydroxychloroquine, dapsone, pentoxifylline, and sulphasalazine. Phototherapy remains a viable option for certain GA patients due to its moderate efficacy and relatively safe profile. This research update comprehensively reviews the available literature on the treatment of GA, as well as the effectiveness and safety of different GA modalities for treatment.