Horizontal gene transfer underlies the painful stings of asp caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Megalopygidae)

毒液 生殖器鳞翅目 生物 环境化 水平基因转移 动物 溶氧素 解剖 植物 基因 生态学 系统发育学 遗传学 毒力
作者
Andrew A. Walker,Samuel D. Robinson,David J. Merritt,Fernanda C. Cardoso,Mohaddeseh Hedayati Goudarzi,Raine S. Mercedes,David A. Eagles,Paul D. Cooper,Christina N. Zdenek,Bryan G. Fry,Donald W. Hall,Irina Vetter,Glenn F. King
出处
期刊:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America [Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]
卷期号:120 (29) 被引量:1
标识
DOI:10.1073/pnas.2305871120
摘要

Larvae of the genus Megalopyge (Lepidoptera: Zygaenoidea: Megalopygidae), known as asp or puss caterpillars, produce defensive venoms that cause severe pain. Here, we present the anatomy, chemistry, and mode of action of the venom systems of caterpillars of two megalopygid species, the Southern flannel moth Megalopyge opercularis and the black-waved flannel moth Megalopyge crispata . We show that megalopygid venom is produced in secretory cells that lie beneath the cuticle and are connected to the venom spines by canals. Megalopygid venoms consist of large aerolysin-like pore-forming toxins, which we have named megalysins, and a small number of peptides. The venom system differs markedly from those of previously studied venomous zygaenoids of the family Limacodidae, suggestive of an independent origin. Megalopygid venom potently activates mammalian sensory neurons via membrane permeabilization and induces sustained spontaneous pain behavior and paw swelling in mice. These bioactivities are ablated by treatment with heat, organic solvents, or proteases, indicating that they are mediated by larger proteins such as the megalysins. We show that the megalysins were recruited as venom toxins in the Megalopygidae following horizontal transfer of genes from bacteria to the ancestors of ditrysian Lepidoptera. Megalopygids have recruited aerolysin-like proteins as venom toxins convergently with centipedes, cnidarians, and fish. This study highlights the role of horizontal gene transfer in venom evolution.
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