Electrodeposition of NiFe-layered double hydroxide layer on sulfur-modified nickel molybdate nanorods for highly efficient seawater splitting

S-NiMoO 4 @NiFe-LDH was prepared by growing NiFe-LDH layer on sulfur-modified NiMoO 4 nanorods supported by Ni foam and shows high OER, HER, and water-splitting activity in alkaline both simulated seawater and natural seawater electrolytes. • S-NiMoO 4 @NiFe-LDH is synthesized by electrodepositing a NiFe-LDH layer on S-modified NiMoO 4 nanorods. • The NiFe-LDH layer contains amorphous and crystalline species and the NiMoO 4 phase is just modified rather than transformed. • S-NiMoO 4 @NiFe-LDH displays outstanding OER and HER activities in both alkaline simulated seawater and natural seawater electrolytes. • The S-NiMoO 4 @NiFe-LDH electrolyzer shows much better overall seawater-splitting performance than the benchmark IrO 2 ||Pt/C pair. Developing high-efficiency and earth-abundant electrocatalysts for electrochemical seawater-splitting is of great significance but remains a grand challenge due to the presence of high-concentration chloride. This work presents the synthesis of a three-dimensional core-shell nanostructure with an amorphous and crystalline NiFe-layered double hydroxide (NiFe-LDH) layer on sulfur-modified nickel molybdate nanorods supported by porous Ni foam (S-NiMoO 4 @NiFe-LDH/NF) through hydrothermal and electrodeposition. Benefiting from high intrinsic activity, plentiful active sites, and accelerated electron transfer, S-NiMoO 4 @NiFe-LDH/NF displays an outstanding bifunctional catalytic activity toward oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in both simulated alkaline seawater and natural seawater electrolytes. To reach a current density of 100 mA cm −2 , this catalyst only requires overpotentials of 273 and 315 mV for OER and 170 and 220 mV for HER in 1 M KOH + 0.5 M NaCl freshwater and 1 M KOH + seawater electrolytes, respectively. Using S-NiMoO 4 @NiFe-LDH as both anode and cathode, the electrolyzer shows superb overall seawater-splitting activity, and respectively needs low voltages of 1.68 and 1.73 V to achieve a current density of 100 mA cm −2 in simulated alkaline seawater and alkaline natural seawater electrolytes with good Cl − resistance and satisfactory durability. The electrolyzer outperforms the benchmark IrO 2 ||Pt/C pair and many other reported bifunctional catalysts and exhibits great potential for realistic seawater electrolysis.