An integrated strategy for the comprehensive profiling of the chemical constituents of Aspongopus chinensis using UPLC-QTOF-MS combined with molecular networking

The extracts of Aspongopus chinensis Dallas (Pentatomidae), an insect used in traditional Chinese medicine, have a complex chemical composition and possess multiple pharmacological activities.This study comprehensively characterizes the chemical constituents of A. chinensis by an integrated targeted and untargeted strategy using UPLC-QTOF-MS combined with molecular networking.The ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS) combined with molecular networking-based dereplication was proposed to facilitate the identification of the chemical constituents of aqueous and ethanol extracts of A. chinensis. The overall strategy was designed to avoid the inefficiency and costliness of traditional techniques. The targeted compounds discovered in the A. chinensis extracts were identified by searching a self-built database, including fragment ions, precursor ion mass, and other structural information. The untargeted compounds were identified by analyzing the relationship between different categories, fragmentation pathways, mass spectrometry data, and the structure of the same cluster of nodes within the molecular network. The untargeted strategy was verified using commercial standard samples under the same mass spectrometry conditions.The proposed integrated targeted and untargeted strategy was successfully applied to the comprehensive profiling of the chemical constituents of aqueous and ethanol extracts of A. chinensis. A total of 124 compounds such as fatty acids, nucleosides, amino acids, and peptides, including 74 compounds that were reported for the first time, were identified in this study.The integrated strategy using LC tandem HRMS combined with molecular networking could be popularised for the comprehensive profiling of chemical constituents of other traditional insect medicines.