Synthesis and Evaluation of Chiral Rhodanine Derivatives Bearing Quinoxalinyl Imidazole Moiety as ALK5 Inhibitors

TGF-β signaling pathway inhibition is considered an effective way to prevent the development of several diseases. In the design and synthesis of TGF-β inhibitors, a rhodanine compound containing a quinoxalinyl imidazole moiety was found to have strong antimicrobial activity.The purpose of this work was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of other chiral rhodanine TGF-β inhibitors synthesized.Two series of 3-substituted-5-(5-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-4-(quinoxalinyl-6-yl)- 1Himidazol- 2-yl)methylene)-2-thioxothiazolin-4-ones (12a-h and 13a-e) were synthesized and evaluated for their ALK5 inhibitory and antimicrobial activity. The structures were confirmed by their 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS spectra. All the synthesized compounds were screened against Grampositive strains, Gram-negative strains, and fungi.Among the synthesized compounds, compound 12h showed the highest activity (IC50 = 0.416 μM) against ALK5 kinase. Compound 12h exhibited a good selectivity index of >24 against p38α MAP kinase and was 6.0-fold more selective than the clinical candidate, compound 2 (LY- 2157299). Nearly all the compounds displayed high selectivity toward both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. They also showed similar or 2.0-fold greater antifungal activity (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] = 0.5 μg/mL) compared with the positive control compounds Gatifloxacin (MIC = 0.5 μg/mL) and fluconazole (MIC = 1 μg/mL).The findings suggest that the synthesized rhodanine compounds have good ALK5 inhibitory activity, and merit further research and development as potential antifungal drugs.