Challenges and solution technologies for the integration of variable renewable energy sources—a review

Abstract Variable renewables such as solar photovoltaics and wind power are key technologies for achieving the decarbonization of the power sector. However, they differ significantly from conventional power generation sources. As the share of variable renewables increases, these differences lead to numerous challenges in power systems. Failure to deal with these challenges may jeopardize power system reliability or the achievement of decarbonization targets. Various solution technologies are available to mitigate these challenges. The extant literature, however, lacks clarity on the scope of the challenges and the solution technologies to address them. This study provides a comprehensive overview of challenges and solution technologies among all domains of the power system. The interrelation matrix of challenges and solution technologies developed in this study provides important insights: First, solution technologies vary significantly in their potential to solve certain challenges. The solution potential of different technologies can therefore help prioritize solution technologies in addition to focusing on cost-effective options. Second, it is possible to identify groups of solution technologies that can help mitigate certain challenge groups. The categorization developed in this paper helps to better specify the need for specific solution technologies and enhances transparency of the complex process of renewable energy integration.