Azotobacter vinelandii N 2 fixation increases in co-culture with the PGPR Bacillus subtilis in a nitrogen concentration-dependent manner

Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is an essential source of new nitrogen (N) for terrestrial ecosystems. The abiotic factors regulating BNF have been extensively studied in various ecosystems and laboratory settings. Despite this, our understanding of the impact of neighboring bacteria on N