Gut hormone multi-agonists for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity: advances and challenges

The rapidly rising incidence of obesity, coupled with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), is a growing concern. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), an endogenous peptide secreted by enteroendocrine L-cells, demonstrates exceptional pharmacological potential for the treatment of T2DM and obesity. Considering its proven efficacy in glucoregulation and weight loss, GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) have emerged as a revolutionary breakthrough in the arena of diabetes management and weight control. Additional gastrointestinal hormones, such as glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and glucagon, exhibit structural similarities to GLP-1 and work synergistically to lower blood glucose levels or aid in weight loss. Today, various classes of gut hormone receptor multiple agonists are steadily progressing through development and clinical trials, including dual GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonists, dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonists, and triple GLP-1/GIP/glucagon receptor agonists. The GLP-1/GIP receptor co-agonist, tirzepatide, was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of T2DM, outperforming basal insulin or selective GLP-1RAs by providing superior HbA1c reductions. Remarkably, tirzepatide also facilitated unprecedented weight loss of up to 22.5% in non-diabetic individuals living with obesity. This result is comparable to those achieved with certain types of bariatric surgery. Therefore, the advent of gut hormone multi-agonists signifies the dawn of an exciting new era in peptide-based therapy for obesity and T2DM. This review offers a comprehensive summary of the various types of gut hormone multiple agonists, including their discovery, development, action of mechanisms, and clinical effectiveness. We further delve into potential hurdles, limitations, and prospective advancements in the field.