Imaging modalities for characterising T1 renal tumours: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of diagnostic accuracy

Abstract Objectives International guidelines recommend resection of suspected localised renal cell carcinoma (RCC), with surgical series showing benign pathology in 30%. Non‐invasive diagnostic tests to differentiate benign from malignant tumours are an unmet need. Our objective was to determine diagnostic accuracy of imaging modalities for detecting cancer in T1 renal tumours. Methods A systematic review was performed for reports of diagnostic accuracy of any imaging test compared to a reference standard of histopathology for T1 renal masses, from inception until January 2023. Twenty‐seven publications (including 2277 tumours in 2044 participants) were included in the systematic review, and nine in the meta‐analysis. Results Forest plots of sensitivity and specificity were produced for CT (seven records, 1118 participants), contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (seven records, 197 participants), [ 99m Tc]Tc‐sestamibi SPECT/CT (five records, 263 participants), MRI (three records, 220 participants), [ 18 F]FDG PET (four records, 43 participants), [ 68 Ga]Ga‐PSMA‐11 PET (one record, 27 participants) and [ 111 In]In‐girentuximab SPECT/CT (one record, eight participants). Meta‐analysis returned summary estimates of sensitivity and specificity for [ 99m Tc]Tc‐sestamibi SPECT/CT of 88.6% (95% CI 82.7%–92.6%) and 77.0% (95% CI 63.0%–86.9%) and for [ 18 F]FDG PET 53.5% (95% CI 1.6%–98.8%) and 62.5% (95% CI 14.0%–94.5%), respectively. A comparison hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic (HSROC) model did not converge. Meta‐analysis was not performed for other imaging due to different thresholds for test positivity. Conclusion The optimal imaging strategy for T1 renal masses is not clear. [ 99m Tc]Tc‐sestamibi SPECT/CT is an emerging tool, but further studies are required to inform its role in clinical practice. The field would benefit from standardisation of diagnostic thresholds for CT, MRI and contrast‐enhanced ultrasound to facilitate future meta‐analyses.