Recent developments and applications of different sorbents for SPE and SPME from biological samples

Solid phase extraction (SPE) and solid phase microextraction (SPME) are among the most significant sample clean-up and pretreatment techniques, which have attracted a considerable interest in the pre-concentration and determination of a wide variety of analytes in biological, pharmaceutical, environmental, industrial and food samples. The purpose of this review article is to focus on the latest advancements and applications of SPE and SPME methods based on new nanomaterial adsorbents for separation, concentration and determination of different analytes in biological media. To this end, some sorbents such as metal organic frameworks, molecularly/ion-imprinted polymers, carbon nanotubes, magnetic nanoparticles, graphene and graphene oxide, and metallic nanoparticles are discussed here.