Bioactive potential of yak's milk and its products; pathophysiological and molecular role as an immune booster in antibiotic resistance

Antibiotic resistance is one of the most serious health threats in the world. The emergence of resistant bacteria has seriously limited our ability to treat bacterial illness. So, the world is moving toward other ways of treatment. Scientists emphasis on nutrition to maintain human health to overcome such problems. Yak's milk is rich in bioactive constituents with an antagonistic activity that triggers the changes in gene expression of bacteria. Therefore, it is imperative to present a comprehensive review of the bioactive potential of yak's milk against antibiotic resistance on pathophysiological and molecular grounds. The development of resistance occurs due to a variety of mechanisms and the number of resistant mechanisms inside the microbes. Over time, this new molecular-based resistance has been progressively disclosed. Yak's milk has many bioactive compounds, e.g. 7-h hydrolysate casein, MUC-1, butyrophilin, and Glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule 1. The availability of these compounds makes it the right choice regarding immense diversity in antibacterial and immune-protective responses. By keeping in view the pathophysiological and molecular aspects of yak's milk, multifactorial and coordinated measures may be taken to counter the challenge of rapidly increasing antibiotic resistance. The present review article provides information on the recent findings regarding the biochemical and physiological actions of yak's milk against different bacterial strains and in the strengthening of the immune system. However, limited information on the genomic structure and industrialisation are some fundamental challenges to be tackled for effective drug formulations by pharmaceutical companies through yak's bio-actives.