Enzyme immobilization strategies for the design of robust and efficient biocatalysts

Different strategies for the preparation of efficient and robust immobilized biocatalysts are here reviewed. Different physico-chemical approaches are discussed. i.- The stabilization of enzyme by any kind of immobilization on pre-existing porous supports. ii.- The stabilization of enzymes by multipoint covalent attachment on support surfaces. iii.- Additional stabilization of immobilized-stabilized enzyme by physical or chemical modification with polymers. These three strategies can be easily developed when enzymes are immobilized in pre-existing porous supports. In addition to that, these immobilized-stabilized derivatives are optimal to develop enzyme reaction engineering and reactor engineering. Stabilizations ranging between 1000 and 100,000 folds regarding diluted soluble enzymes are here reported.