Recycling of Paleo-Tethyan oceanic crust: Geochemical record from Early−Middle Triassic igneous rocks in the East Kunlun Orogen in western China

Deciphering the contribution of crustal materials to generation of mafic arc igneous rocks at different subduction stages is of great significance to unravel the fate of the subducted paleo-oceanic crust. Here we present an integrated geochemical study on two types of early Mesozoic mafic arc igneous rocks from the East Kunlun Orogen. Zircon U-Pb isotopic analyses yield ages of 252−248 Ma for lamprophyres and 239−238 Ma for diorite porphyries. All the samples display arc-like trace element distribution patterns, high zircon δ18O values, and variably low zircon εHf(t) values. However, significant geochemical distinctions exist in terms of trace element concentrations, radiogenic isotopes, and other geochemical variations between them. The Early Triassic lamprophyres are characterized by significant enrichment in fluid-mobile trace elements and weakly enriched whole-rock Sr-Nd-Hf isotopes, whereas the Middle Triassic diorite porphyries show high contents of light rare earth elements, Th, Zr, and Hf, and more enriched Sr-Nd-Hf isotopes. Furthermore, the lamprophyres exhibit remarkably higher ratios of Ba/Th, Ba/La, K/La, and Sr/Nd and slightly higher ratios of La/Sm, Th/Yb, and Th/La than mid-oceanic-ridge basalt (MORB), while the diorite porphyries display higher La/Sm, Th/Yb, Th/Nd, and Th/La ratios compared to normal MORB but closer to those of seafloor sediments. Taken together, these differences can be attributed to the incorporation of two distinct slab liquids into their mantle sources, including oceanic slab-derived aqueous solutions and minor sediment-derived hydrous melts for the formation of the lamprophyres, and sediment-derived hydrous melts for the formation of the diorite porphyries. As a result, we suggest the lamprophyres were generated during the Early Triassic subduction of the Paleo-Tethyan oceanic crust, while the diorite porphyries may be generated due to rollback of the subducting oceanic slab in response to the closure of the Paleo-Tethyan Ocean basin. Therefore, the studied Early−Middle Triassic mafic igneous rocks provide important evidence for the recycling of the Paleo-Tethyan oceanic slab at different stages.