Microbial technologies for sustainable textile effluent treatment: A review

In today's world, the increasing population has led to greater demand for various facilities, including the dye industry. The dye industry uses and discharges large amounts of water, contaminating water bodies and adversely affecting animals and humans. The effluent is toxic to living organisms. Currently, various methods are available to remediate these toxic dyes. This review discusses the environmental impact of dyes and focuses on biological treatment methods. Various methods to treat dye effluent, such as physical-chemical processes, adsorption, absorption, and recent nanotechnology, generate secondary waste that is not easily disposable and can persist in the environment. Eco-friendly methods based on biological processes offer a sustainable alternative. This review will primarily focus on biological-based treatment methods, including plant adsorption, absorption and the use of microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, yeast, and consortia. The review will discuss various bacteria, fungi, yeast, and consortia-based dye removal processes, highlighting the most efficient organisms. It will emphasize frequently used organisms in the dye removal process that do not create secondary waste.