Comprehensive three-dimensional cone beam computed tomography analysis of the temporomandibular joint in different vertical skeletal facial patterns

Background To investigate three-dimensionally using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging the morphological and spatial characteristics of the temporomandibular joints (TMJs) in different vertical skeletal facial patterns. Materials and Methods Sixty adult patients with no signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders were divided equally into three groups: skeletal normal vertical face, long face, and short face malocclusions. Bilateral TMJs were evaluated on the CBCT images, and the following three-dimensional measurements were assessed: (1) mandibular fossa position, inclination, and parameters, (2) mandibular condyle position, inclination, and parameters, and (3) circumferential TMJ space measurements. Results The average mandibular plane inclination was 32.77 ± 1.17° for average pattern, 48.33 ± 2.76° for long face, and 27.27 ± 2.30° for short face malocclusion. Long face showed the statistically significant highest glenoid fossa width (18.34 ± 2.20 mm), more lateral positioned condyles, and more anterioposterior condylar joint position. The long face pattern showed the highest mean value of medial joint space. The short face pattern showed the highest glenoid fossa surface area (106.40 ± 14.68 mm2), sagittal condylar surface area (48.47 ± 4.54 mm2), and superior and anterior joint spaces, as well as lowest posterior joint spaces. Conclusion The TMJ parameters differ between different vertical facial patterns that should be considered when planning an orthodontic case.