Exposure to 4,4′-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) during moulding of rigid polyurethane foam: determination of airborne MDI and urinary 4,4′-methylenedianiline (MDA)

Occupational exposure to 4,4′-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) was measured during moulding of rigid polyurethane foam. The aim of the study was to find out whether an MDI-derived urinary amine metabolite could be detected in the urine of workers exposed to apparently low levels of MDI. Airborne MDI was sampled on 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-piperazine (2MP)-impregnated glass fibre filters and determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using ultraviolet (UV) and electrochemical (EC) detection. The limit of detection of MDI was 3 ng ml−1 for a 20 μl injection. The precision of sample preparation, expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD), was 1.3% with UV detection and 2.1% with EC detection at a concentration of 70 ng MDI ml−1 (n = 6). The 2MP-MDI derivative was stable at + 4 °C up to eight weeks. The accuracy of the method was validated in an international quality control programme. Workers (n = 57) from three different factories participated in the study. Urinary 4,4′-methylenedianiline (MDA) metabolite was determined after acid hydrolysis as heptafluorobutyric anhydride derivatives by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using chemical ionisation and monitoring negative ions. The limit of detection in urine was 0.2 nmol l−1. The precision of six analyses for a urine sample spiked to a concentration of 1nmol l−1 was 29% (RSD). The MDI concentrations were below the limit of detection in most (64%) of the air samples collected in the worker's breathing zone. Still, detectable amounts of MDA were found in 97% of the urine samples. Monitoring of urinary MDA appears to be an appropriate method of assessing MDI exposure in work environments with low or undetectable MDI concentrations in the workplace air.