4D printing modeling using ABAQUS: A guide for beginners

Emergence of the four-dimensional (4D) printing in additive manufacturing (AM), which requires knowledge in multiphysics, chemistry, and engineering skills, is bringing many engineering applications. This newly emerging technology has become a feasible commercial proposition because of lower costs, more design freedom, and more rapid production methods. This serves as a significant multidisciplinary research and training platform for both academia and the professional world. This chapter provides a straightforward step-by-step approach, including design, multiphysics modeling principles, and finite element method (FEM) simulation of a shape memory polymer and hydrogel composite 4D-printed structure using ABAQUS software for the new researchers and students to the field of 4D printing.