Recent developments in sample pretreatment techniques for the determination of fluoroquinolones in foods

The challenge to determine low concentration levels of fluoroquinolones in food products is very important. Sample pretreatment techniques play an outstanding role in the analysis of food samples. Addressing this necessity, two major groups of treatment methods – liquid-liquid and solid-phase microextraction – have garnered significant attention in recent years. This review covers articles based on the development and application of sample pretreatment techniques for the determination of fluoroquinolones in food matrices by various hyphenated techniques, published between 2015 and 2024. In addition, green materials for liquid-liquid and solid-phase microextraction and recent trends and future strategies in the determination of fluoroquinolones in food samples are discussed.