Long-Duration Electricity Storage Applications, Economics, and Technologies

持续时间(音乐) 储能 资本成本 独立电源系统 按来源划分的电力成本 可再生能源 热能储存 废物管理 环境科学 工程类 环境经济学 工艺工程 发电 电气工程 功率(物理) 经济 分布式发电 物理 热力学 量子力学 声学
作者
Paul Albertus,Joseph S. Manser,Scott J. Litzelman
出处
期刊:Joule [Elsevier BV]
卷期号:4 (1): 21-32 被引量:188
标识
DOI:10.1016/j.joule.2019.11.009
摘要

The United States electricity grid is undergoing rapid changes in response to the sustained low price of natural gas, the falling cost of electricity from variable renewable resources (which are increasingly being paired with Li-ion storage with durations up to ∼4 h at rated power), and state and local decarbonization policies. Although the majority of recent electricity storage system installations have a duration at rated power of up to ∼4 h, several trends and potential applications are identified that require electricity storage with longer durations of 10 to ∼100 h. Such a duration range lies between daily needs that can be satisfied with technologies with the cost structure of lithium-ion batteries and seasonal storage utilizing chemical storage in underground reservoirs. The economics of long-duration storage applications are considered, including contributions for both energy time shift and capacity payments and are shown to differ from the cost structure of applications well served by lithium-ion batteries. In particular, the capital cost for the energy subsystem must be substantially reduced to ∼3 $/kWh (for a duration of ∼100 h), ∼7 $/kWh (for a duration of ∼50 h), or ∼40 $/kWh (for a duration of ∼10 h) on a fully installed basis. Recent developments in major technology classes that may approach the targets of the long-duration electricity storage (LDES) cost framework, including electrochemical, thermal, and mechanical, are briefly reviewed. This perspective, which illustrates the importance of low-cost and high-energy-density storage media, motivates new concepts and approaches for how LDES systems could be economical and provide value to the electricity grid.
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