医学
脊髓
泌尿生殖系统
先天性畸形
神经形成
病理
解剖
原肠化
怀孕
胚胎
遗传学
生物
胚胎发生
细胞生物学
精神科
作者
Bárbara Trapp,Tomás de Andrade Lourenção Freddi,Monique de Oliveira Morais Hans,Isadora Fonseca Teixeira Lemos Calixto,Emi Fujino,Laila Cristina Alves Rojas,Stênio Burlin,Danilo Manuel Cerqueira Costa,Henrique Carrete,Nitamar Abdala,Luís Antônio Tobaru Tibana,Eduardo Takashi Takehara,Gustavo Dalul Gomez
出处
期刊:Radiographics
[Radiological Society of North America]
日期:2021-01-15
卷期号:41 (2): 559-575
被引量:29
标识
DOI:10.1148/rg.2021200103
摘要
Spinal dysraphisms (SDs) are congenital malformations of the spinal cord, determined by derangement in the complex cascade of embryologic events involved in spinal development. They represent a heterogeneous group ranging from mild clinical manifestations—going unnoticed or being discovered at clinical examination—to a causal factor of life quality impairment, especially when associated with musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, or respiratory system malformations. Knowledge of the normal embryologic development of the spinal cord—which encompasses three main steps (gastrulation, primary neurulation, and secondary neurulation)—is crucial for understanding the pathogenesis, neuroradiologic scenarios, and clinical-radiologic classification of congenital malformations of the spinal cord. SDs can be divided with clinical examination or neuroradiologic study into two major groups: open SDs and closed SDs. Congenital malformations of the spinal cord include a wide range of abnormalities that vary considerably in imaging and clinical characteristics and complexity and therefore may represent a diagnostic challenge, even for the experienced radiologist. Online supplemental material is available for this article. ©RSNA, 2021
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