Multilayer graphene sheets converted directly from anthracite in the presence of molten iron and their applications as anode for lithium ion batteries

Generation of multilayer graphene sheets in the presence of transition metals has been widely studied, but it is still challenging to convert directly the solid coal-based carbon source to graphene in bulk scale. This work describes a convenient approach to convert anthracite to multilayer graphene sheets directly in the presence of molten iron. By tuning the ratio of iron with anthracite in the starting reactant, the morphology and layer number of as-prepared multilayer graphene sheets can be controlled accordingly. The possible mechanism is outlined, implying that the molten iron serves as both catalyst and solvent during the conversion process. Furthermore, as anode for lithium ion batteries, the as-obtained multilayer graphene sheets show excellent electrochemical properties.