Applications of magnetic resonance spectroscopy and diffusion-weighted imaging to the study of brain biochemistry and pathology

The first practical demonstration that nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy could be applied to the study of brain biochemistry in vivo came in 1980, with the studies of the rat brain using a surface coil. Since then the technique has been rapidly and extensively developed into a versatile, non-invasive tool for the investigation of various aspects of brain biochemistry, physiology and disease. NMR is non-destructive and can be used to examine a wide variety of samples, ranging from localized regions within the whole brain in humans or animals, through tissue preparations (perfused organ, tissue slices and homogenates), to isolated cells and aqueous solutions, such as tissue extracts. 31P and 1H NMR spectra deriving from endogenous compounds of the brain in situ allow assessment of tissue metabolites and provide information about high-energy phosphates, lactate, certain amino acids, intracellular pH and ionic concentrations. Exogenous substrates or probes labelled with stable isotopes can also be introduced into the brain and used to monitor metabolism. Animal models of brain diseases have given some impetus to rapid progress in clinical NMR spectroscopy and also magnetic imaging techniques. The purpose of this article is to highlight the type of information available from these NMR techniques, and to present this in a neuroscience context, emphasizing the biochemical, physiological and pathological information that can be obtained using these methods.