A systematic review on the production of biodiesel using various feedstocks and effective catalysts

Amidst concerns over food scarcity and rising fuel costs, researchers are actively exploring non-edible feedstocks for biodiesel production to alleviate competition with food resources. Biodiesel, characterized by its renewability, low toxicity, and eco-friendliness, offers significant advantages over conventional diesel fuel. This study delves into the technical intricacies of biodiesel production methodologies, primarily utilizing the trans-esterification technique. Various biomass sources react with monohydric alcohols and catalysts, including nano-based, homogeneous heterogeneous, and biocatalyst options. The biodiesel synthesis process is dependent on critical factors like the free-fatty acid content, ethanol type and molar proportion to oil, catalysts type and concentration, reaction duration and temperature. Selecting suitable catalysts and feedstocks is critical and significantly influences production and economic analysis. This systematic review aims to comprehensively analyze recent advancements in biodiesel production, with a focus on diverse feedstocks, effective catalysts utilized in the process and offers a novel synthesis of current research on biodiesel production, focusing on diverse feedstocks and effective catalysts. By employing rigorous methodology, this review paper provides unique insights into emerging trends and opportunities for future research. This comprehensive overview guides researchers, industry professionals, and policymakers toward optimizing biodiesel production processes, thereby driving innovation for sustainable clean energy solutions.