Progress on regulatory elements of plant plastid genetic engineering.

With the advancement of plant synthetic biology, plastids have emerged as an optimal platform for the heterologous production of numerous commercially valuable secondary metabolites and therapeutic proteins. In comparison on nuclear genetic engineering, plastid genetic engineering offers unique advantages in terms of efficient expression of foreign genes and biological safety. However, the constitutive expression of foreign genes in the plastid system may impede plant growth. Therefore, it is imperative to further elucidate and design regulatory elements that can achieve precise regulation of foreign genes. In this review, we summarize the progress made in developing regulatory elements for plastid genetic engineering, including operon design and optimization, multi-gene coexpression regulation strategies, and identification of new expression regulatory elements. These findings provide valuable insights for future research.随着植物合成生物学的发展，质体逐渐成为许多具有商业价值的次生代谢产物和治疗性蛋白异源生产的理想平台。与核基因工程相比，质体基因工程在外源基因高效表达和生物安全性等方面具有其独特优势。然而，外源基因在质体系统中的组成型表达或对植物生长不利，因此需进一步挖掘、设计调控元件实现对外源基因的精准调控。本文概述了质体基因工程调控元件的研究进展，内容包括操纵子设计与优化思路、多基因共表达调控策略及新型表达调控元件的挖掘等，为植物合成生物学的发展提供参考。.