The combination of two microextraction methods coupled with gas chromatography for the determination of pyrethroid insecticides in multimedia environmental samples: air, water, soil, urine and blood

Abstract The salting‐out assisted liquid–liquid extraction (SALLE) combined with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on the solidification of floating organic droplet (DLLME‐SFO) has been first developed as a high preconcentration technique for the extraction of pyrethroid insecticides (PYRs) in multimedia environmental samples, including air, soil, water, human urine, hedgehog serum and plasma. GC‐MS was the separation and determination technique. Under the optimum extraction conditions (sample pH 2; salting‐out solution volume and pH, 2 mL and 3; extraction solution, 300 µL of 1‐undecanol; centrifugation speed and time, 2000 rpm and 15 min) and determination conditions, a linearity range ( R 2 = 0.9993–0.9999) was obtained in a range of 5–5000 ng/mL. The limits of detection based on a signal‐to‐noise ratio of 3 were between 1.5 and 6.1 ng/mL. The recoveries of the four PYRs ranged from 66 to 122%. The results demonstrated that this SALLE–DLLME‐SFO–GC‐MS method allowed the satisfactory enrichment, purification and determination results of PYRs in multimedia environmental samples.