Efficient delivery of genome-editing proteins using bioreducible lipid nanoparticles

Significance The therapeutic potential of protein-based genome editing is dependent on the delivery of proteins to appropriate intracellular targets. Here we report that combining bioreducible lipid nanoparticles and negatively supercharged Cre recombinase or anionic Cas9:single-guide (sg)RNA complexes drives the self-assembly of nanoparticles for potent protein delivery and genome editing. The design of bioreducible lipids facilitates the degradation of nanoparticles inside cells in response to the reductive intracellular environment, enhancing the endosome escape of protein. In addition, modulation of protein charge through either genetic fusion of supercharged protein or complexation of Cas9 with its inherently anionic sgRNA allows highly efficient protein delivery and effective genome editing in mammalian cells and functional recombinase delivery in the rodent brain.