Wnt11 promotes BMP9‐induced osteogenic differentiation through BMPs/Smads and p38 MAPK in mesenchymal stem cells

Abstract Bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9), as one of the most potent osteogenic factors, is a promising cytokine for bone tissue engineering. Wnt11 can regulate the development of the skeletal system and is related to high bone mass syndrome. However, the effect of Wnt11 on BMP9‐induced osteogenic differentiation remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the relationship between Wnt11‐ and BMP9‐induced osteogenic differentiation in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). We recapitulated the osteogenic potential of BMP9 in C3H10T1/2 cells. The messenger RNA expression of Wnt11 is detectable in the available progenitor cells, and BMP9 can obviously increase the protein level of Wnt11 in these cells. Exogenous Wnt11 potentiates the effect of BMP9 on increasing alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, the expression of osteopontin (OPN), and Runt‐related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), so does matrix mineralization in C3H10T1/2 cells. Although Wnt11 cannot increase the BMP9‐induced ectopic bone formation, it can increase the bone density induced by BMP9 apparently. Wnt11 increases the level of p‐Smad1/5/8, as well as p‐p38. Meanwhile, Wnt11 promotes the effect of BMP9 on increasing the levels of p‐Smad1/5/8 and p‐p38. Inhibition of p38 decreases the BMP9‐induced ALP activities, the expression of OPN, and the mineralization in C3H10T1/2 cells. However, all of these effects of the p38 inhibitor on BMP9‐induced osteogenic markers can be almost reversed by the overexpression of Wnt11. Our findings suggested that Wnt11 can enhance the osteogenic potential of BMP9 in MSCs, and this effect may be partly mediated through enhancing BMPs/Smads and the p38 MAPK signal, which was induced by BMP9.