A non‐flagellated, predatory soil bacterium reprograms a chemosensory system to control antifungal antibiotic production via cyclic di‐GMP signalling

Lysobacter enzymogenes is a non-flagellated, soil proteobacterium that secretes a diffusible antibiotic known as heat-stable antifungal factor (HSAF) to kill nearby fungi for food. The genome of the model strain OH11 encodes a homologous Wsp system, which is generally deployed by flagellated bacteria to achieve flagella-dependent outputs via a c-di-GMP-FleQ complex, in which c-di-GMP is a ubiquitous dinucleotide second messenger and FleQ is a transcription factor (TF). Here, we show that the Wsp system in the non-flagellated OH11 participates in a unique c-di-GMP-dependent signalling pathway and forms a WspR-CdgL binary complex to alter HSAF production, in which WspR and CdgL act as a c-di-GMP diguanylate cyclase (DGC) and a non-TF binding protein respectively. We found that the phosphorylation of WspR activates its DGC activity and enhances c-di-GMP production while inhibiting HSAF biosynthesis. The phosphorylation of WspR also plays a key role in weakening WspR-CdgL binding and HSAF generation. Interestingly, c-di-GMP binding to CdgL did not seem to induce the disassociation of the WspR-CdgL complex. These observations, along with our earlier findings, lead us to propose a model in which L. enzymogenes re-programs the Wsp system via c-di-GMP signalling to regulate HSAF biosynthesis for the benefit of ecological adaptation.