Disentangling EEG responses to TMS due to cortical and peripheral activations

头皮 体感系统 脑电图 磁刺激 刺激 神经科学 遮罩(插图) 心理学 听力学 医学 解剖 艺术 视觉艺术
作者
Lorenzo Rocchi,Alessandro Di Santo,Katlyn E. Brown,Jaime Ibáñez,Elias Paolo Casula,Vishal Rawji,Vincenzo Di Lazzaro,Giacomo Koch,John C. Rothwell
出处
期刊:Brain Stimulation [Elsevier BV]
卷期号:14 (1): 4-18 被引量:148
标识
DOI:10.1016/j.brs.2020.10.011
摘要

Abstract

Background

the use of combined transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and electroencephalography (EEG) for the functional evaluation of the cerebral cortex in health and disease is becoming increasingly common. However, there is still some ambiguity regarding the extent to which brain responses to auditory and somatosensory stimulation contribute to the TMS-evoked potential (TEP).

Objective/Hypothesis

to measure separately the contribution of auditory and somatosensory stimulation caused by TMS, and to assess their contribution to the TEP waveform, when stimulating the motor cortex (M1).

Methods

19 healthy volunteers underwent 7 blocks of EEG recording. To assess the impact of auditory stimulation on the TEP waveform, we used a standard figure of eight coil, with or without masking with a continuous noise reproducing the specific time-varying frequencies of the TMS click, stimulating at 90% of resting motor threshold. To further characterise auditory responses due to the TMS click, we used either a standard or a sham figure of eight coil placed on a pasteboard cylinder that rested on the scalp, with or without masking. Lastly, we used electrical stimulation of the scalp to investigate the possible contribution of somatosensory activation.

Results

auditory stimulation induced a known pattern of responses in electrodes located around the vertex, which could be suppressed by appropriate noise masking. Electrical stimulation of the scalp alone only induced similar, non-specific scalp responses in the in the central electrodes. TMS, coupled with appropriate masking of sensory input, resulted in specific, lateralized responses at the stimulation site, lasting around 300 ms.

Conclusions

if careful control of confounding sources is applied, TMS over M1 can generate genuine, lateralized EEG activity. By contrast, sensory evoked responses, if present, are represented by non-specific, late (100–200 ms) components, located at the vertex, possibly due to saliency of the stimuli. Notably, the latter can confound the TEP if masking procedures are not properly used.

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