电致变色
钝化
材料科学
碱性电池
带隙
锌
电极
电导率
电化学
纳米技术
电池(电)
光电子学
化学工程
无机化学
冶金
化学
图层(电子)
功率(物理)
物理化学
工程类
物理
电解质
量子力学
作者
Brendan E. Hawkins,Damon Turney,Robert J. Messinger,Andrew M. Kiss,Gautam Ganapati Yadav,Sanjoy Banerjee,Timothy N. Lambert
标识
DOI:10.1002/aenm.202103294
摘要
Abstract Zinc oxide is of great interest for advanced energy devices because of its low cost, wide direct bandgap, non‐toxicity, and facile electrochemistry. In zinc alkaline batteries, ZnO plays a critical role in electrode passivation, a process that hinders commercialization and remains poorly understood. Here, novel observations of an electroactive type of ZnO formed in Zn‐metal alkaline electrodes are disclosed. The electrical conductivity of battery‐formed ZnO is measured and found to vary by factors of up to 10 4 , which provides a first‐principles‐based understanding of Zn passivation in industrial alkaline batteries. Simultaneous with this conductivity change, protons are inserted into the crystal structure and electrons are inserted into the conduction band in quantities up to ≈10 20 cm −3 and ≈1 mAh g ZnO −1 . Electron insertion causes blue electrochromic coloration with efficiencies and rates competitive with leading electrochromic materials. The electroactivity of ZnO is evidently enabled by rapid crystal growth, which forms defects that complex with inserted cations, charge‐balanced by the increase of conduction band electrons. This property distinguishes electroactive ZnO from inactive classical ZnO. Knowledge of this phenomenon is applied to improve cycling performance of industrial‐design electrodes at 50% zinc utilization and the authors propose other uses for ZnO such as electrochromic devices.
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