The laser-Doppler velocimeter and its application to the measurement of turbulence

In 1964, Yeh & Cummins demonstrated that coherent light sources could be used for the measurement of steady fluid velocities by observing the Doppler shift in the frequency of light scattered from small particles moving with the fluid. Since 1964 many investigators have attempted to extend this technique to the measurement of turbulent velocity fluctuations. A fundamental limitation on this type of velocimeter is the Doppler ambiguity introduced by the finite transit time of particles through the scattering volume, turbulent velocity fluctuations across the scattering volume, mean velocity gradients and electronic noise. A unified account of the effect of the Doppler ambiguity on the measurement of the instantaneous velocities is presented and results are interpreted using the power spectrum. The influence of the ambiguity on the measurement of other statistical quantities is also examined. Limitations on the spatial and temporal resolution imposed by the finite sampling volume are examined using the power spectrum and criteria for optimization of the response are proposed. An operational laser-Doppler velocimeter is described and measurements of spectra in both laminar and turbulent flow are presented. The experimental results are seen to be in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions.