Anti‐VEGF and steroid combination therapy relative to anti‐VEGF mono therapy for the treatment of refractory DME: A systematic review of efficacy and meta‐analysis of safety

Abstract The aim of the study was to determine the efficacy and safety of combined anti‐VEGF and steroid therapy in treatment refractory DME patients. We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of peer‐reviewed articles reporting on visual, anatomical and adverse outcomes to compare the efficacy and safety of combined intravitreal anti‐VEGF/steroids versus anti‐VEGF monotherapy for refractory DME. Seven studies (4 RCTs and 3 observational studies) reporting on 452 eyes were included. Our systematic review showed that combination therapy is significantly more effective for anatomical outcomes in the treatment of resistant DME compared to anti‐VEGF monotherapy in six studies. Two studies found that addition of intravitreal steroids promoted faster visual improvement, but not significantly better final visual outcomes compared to anti‐VEGF monotherapy. Combination therapy was associated with a higher incidence of IOP‐related adverse events (RR = 0.10, 95% CI = [0.02, 0.42], p = 0.002) and cataract‐related adverse events (RR = 0.10, 95% CI = [0.01, 0.71], p = 0.02). Our systematic review and meta‐analysis of seven studies and 452 eyes revealed that combination therapy of anti‐VEGF and steroid intravitreal drugs in the management of treatment refractory DME resulted in superior anatomical outcomes in all but one study. Combination therapy led to superior short‐term visual outcomes in two studies, while others reported no difference between treatment groups. Meta‐analysis revealed that combination therapy was associated with more adverse events. Future research should provide guidance on the standard definitions for treatment resistance and therapeutic alternatives for DME patients with sub‐optimal response to anti‐VEGF treatment.